October 25, 2004Your past record can now be used as evidenceThe Scotsman is currently reporting that juries are to be told of a defendant's record as a matter of procedure in courts in the UK from today forward. What's the big deal? I've often wondered about that rule that states that every thing you've ever been found guilty of in the past is irrelevant if you're on trial for a similar offense today. I understand where the supporters of this rule are coming from, but I disagree in principle with their premise. That somehow this might prejudice the jury against the defendant in a bad way. In some ways, this assumes that the defendant wasn't guilty of the first crime. The real threat is that the police pick on someone with a heavy record so that they can nab someone for the crime and their candidate for the guilty seat has a greater chance of being convicted because they've done it before, but this kind of flawed logic is just as flawed for a jury at the time of the trial as it is for the policymakers when they define the trial procedures. Take a couple of extreme examples - a person who has been caught and convicted of stealing 25 times in the past 2 years to feed a drug habit, is accused of stealing, is known to have purchased drugs 3 hours after the crime, is known to have been in the neighbourhood, is matched by a next door neighbour (but in poor light), and killed the old-age pensioner (s)he stole from. Is the fact that this person has been stealing as a matter of routine for the past 2 years relevant? Absolutely! At the other end of the scale, someone who stole from a shop 2 years ago is accused of stealing again. The evidence is flimsy and the strongest thing about the case is that they stole 2 years ago. Is that enough to get them convicted? No. In some cases, the past record may be enough to tip the balance from reasonable doubt into "so damned unlikely I'm pretty sure they did it". My argument is that that's a good thing. I'm all for the rehabilitiation of criminals and their reintroduction into society, but there's also a substantial mass of evidence that supports the thesis that those that have offended in the past are more likely than others to offend again, and the whole point of reasonable doubt is likelihood. Probability.
Unpopular opinion (especially with the words "social cost" in there), but it's mine. Posted by nlvp at October 25, 2004 10:11 PM Comments
According to the BBC, the record will only be revealed if the defendant has prior convictions regarding the kidnapping or sexual abuse of a child. Which, in some ways, I can understand and support, even if at the same time, a part of me thinks that once that information is revealed, the defendant has no hope of ever being found "not guilty", which, if he was, puts a whole new wrench into the monkey works. Posted by: Helen at October 25, 2004 10:16 PMHi Helen! I'm also glad that the revelations are limited in scope in this way. I think that we underestimate juries often as a consequence of having watched too many televised renditions of trials. We believe that the lawyer is all-powerful and juries are dupes to be manipulated as the lawyers see fit, and that this new evidence will therefore have a disproportionate impact. Perhaps I am an optimist, or to be more brutal, naive, but I like to think that juries will not be so quick to condemn someone based on a prior record without significant additional evidence to support the case. Of course I can't be sure, because I don't really know all that much about how juries think (not being eligible for jury duty anywhere myself as a consequence of being a foreigner everywhere), but if we can't put our faith in our peers, even if our cynicism encourages us to distrust all others, then we are in dark times indeed, and I prefer to be an optimist (naive?) and suffer for it than to surrender to that vision of the world. The design of the process of law has always been a tradeoff between finding the guilty innocent or the innocent guilty, and there's no pleasant answer to that conundrum. Thanks for dropping by. Nicolas. Posted by: Nicolas at October 25, 2004 11:05 PMI generally agree with you, as I am naive, too, but I think in cases that concern children, the juries aren't going to be so forgiving. There have been a spate of brutal crimes against children here in England recently, and it certainly is, I feel anyway, going to impact a jury with regards to how they see the defendant. Again, I have to say-I am terribly opinionated, but I haven't yet figured out how I feel about this reverse in law. You have very nicely summed it up though. Posted by: Helen at October 26, 2004 10:35 AMThe big deal is this: IT'S IRRELEVANT! For each individual court case, the defendant must be found guilty beyond reasonable doubt on the strength of the evidence placed before the court. Not past record, but specific evidence for that crime. You are certainly an optimist. Juries are made up of a below average intelligence cross section of society (since most professionals find a way to dodge jury duty)... the same people who on occasion attack paediatricians, the same people who read the Sun and the Mail who as we all know are big on the virtues of forgiveness for past sins. This is a bad idea. However, I could imagine some change to the law where the defendant's history were allowed if it highlighted some untruth in his/her defence. Posted by: Incandenza at October 26, 2004 11:04 AMIt's not irrelevant. Even if jurors are told to focus only on the supposed crime at hand they will still be aware of a past record, if only on a sub-concious level. I thought that the whole idea was people doing their time are being found guilty of a crime, hence being punished for what they may have done in the past and walking as a free citizen again. If jury's are being read past discretions than it doesn't seem as if they have completely paid for their crime in the eyes of the community. Posted by: Brin at October 28, 2004 03:34 AMThat's all very nice, but it ignores the statistical fact that in the case of the crimes in question, repeat offending is a statistical likelihood. Perhaps you believe that evidence should be limited to physical evidence, as Incandenza suggests, but that would rule out any defendant calling character witnesses in their defense, and we know that's done all the time. If that is allowable, then why not other facts such as past guilty verdicts? We know that repeat child offenders are likely to repeat some more. That doesn't mean that they are guilty of every crime they are accused of, but it does mean that this is a piece of information that might tip us from just below the threshold of reasonable doubt to just above. The defendant has a very great many ways of casting doubt on a perception of the facts, regardless of whether they were there or not, simply by throwing mud at witnesses that rarely needs to be substantiated, this is a reflection of the law's paranoia of putting innocent people in prison. I simply believe that perhaps society should move a small (repeat: small) way along that tradeoff towards making it harder for guilty people to cast doubt on the facts by bringing their past (and therefore, to my mind, relevant) record into it. Especially for these types of offenses. Just because they did this once is unlikely to convince a jury without significant additional evidence. Someone who has raped a dozen children in the past 10 years, claiming each time that they were innocent... well to my mind, that forms a pattern, and if we don't take that into account, perhaps we're ignoring something important because of our paranoia to be perceived as just. There's no relation between this and labelling every past offender as a social pariah, which of course I would be totally against. (Not that they're not doing it in the case of sex offenders). Posted by: Nicolas at October 28, 2004 10:45 PMPost a comment
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